The Iranian educational system is highly centralized and is divided to K-12 education and higher education. K-12 education is supervised by the Ministry of Education and higher education is under supervision of Ministry of Science and Technology.

Primary school (Dabestan) starts at the age of 6 for a duration of 5 years. Middle school, also known as orientation cycle (Rahnamayi), goes from the sixth to the eighth grade. High school (Dabirestan), for which the last three years is not mandatory, is divided between theoretical, vocational/technical and manual, each program with its own specialties.^[1]

Universities, institutes of technology, medical schools and community colleges, provide the higher education. The requirement to enter into higher education is to have a High school diploma, and finally pass the national University entrance"s exam (Konkoor). Higher education is sanctioned by different levels of diplomas: Fogh-e-Diplom or K?rd?ni after 2 years of higher education, K?rshen?si (also known under the name “licence”) is delivered after 4 years of higher education (Bachelor"s degree). K?rshen?si-ye Arshad is delivered after 2 more years of study (Master"s degree). After which, another exam allows the candidate to pursue a doctoral program (PhD).^[2]

By : iraj mokhtarnia

 نوشته شده توسط کلاس زبان عمومی راهنمایی و مشاوره در یکشنبه 88/10/27 و ساعت 2:10 عصر | نظرات دیگران()

 A collective value and a human right

There have been attempts to reframe privacy as a fundamental human right, whose social value is an essential component in the functioning of democratic societies. Additional ways of thinking about privacy have been explored by researchers largely outside of the field of law using various approaches that work towards a concept of privacy beyond individual liberalism.

Amitai Etzioni suggests a communitarian approach to privacy. This requires a shared moral culture for establishing social order . Etzioni believes that "[p]rivacy is merely one good among many others, and that technological effects depend on community accountability and oversight (ibid). He claims that privacy laws only increase government surveillance .

Priscilla Regan believes that individual concepts of privacy have failed philosophically and in policy. She supports a social value of privacy with three dimensions: shared perceptions, public values, and collective components. Shared ideas about privacy allows freedom of conscience and diversity in thought. Public values guarantee democratic participation, including freedoms of speech and association, and limits government power. Collective elements describe privacy as collective good that cannot be divided. Regan"s goal is to strengthen privacy claims in policy making: "if we did recognize the collective or public-good value of privacy, as well as the common and public value of privacy, those advocating privacy protections would have a stronger basis upon which to argue for its protection".

Leslie Regan Shade argues that the human right to privacy is necessary for meaningful democratic participation, and ensures human dignity and autonomy. Privacy depends on norms for how information is distributed, and if this is appropriate. Violations of privacy depend on context. The human right to privacy has precedent in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Shade believes that privacy must be approached from a people-centered perspective, and not through the marketplace.

Remle Nour Bichkioghlo

 نوشته شده توسط کلاس زبان عمومی راهنمایی و مشاوره در جمعه 88/10/25 و ساعت 11:16 عصر | نظرات دیگران()

  An individual right

Alan Westin believes that new technologies alter the balance between privacy and disclosure, and that privacy rights may limit government surveillance to protect democratic processes. Westin defines privacy as "the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others". Westin describes four states of privacy: solitude, intimacy, anonymity, reserve. These states must balance participation against norms:

Each individual is continually engaged in a personal adjustment process in which he balances the desire for privacy with the desire for disclosure and communication of himself to others, in light of the environmental conditions and social norms set by the society in which he lives. - Alan Westin, Privacy and Freedom, 1968

Under liberal democratic systems, privacy creates a space separate from political life, and allows personal autonomy, while ensuring democratic freedoms of association and expression.

David Flaherty believes networked computer databases pose threats to privacy. He develops "data protection" as an aspect of privacy, which involves "the collection, use, and dissemination of personal information". This concept forms the foundation for fair information practices used by governments globally. Flaherty forwards an idea of privacy as information control, "[i]ndividuals want to be left alone and to exercise some control over how information about them is used"

Richard Posner and Lawrence Lessig focus on the economic aspects of personal information control. Posner criticizes privacy for concealing information, which reduces market efficiency. For Posner, employment is selling oneself in the labour market, which he believes is like selling a product. Any "defect" in the "product" that is not reported is fraud For Lessig, privacy breaches online can be regulated through code and law. Lessig claims "the protection of privacy would be stronger if people conceived of the right as a property right", and that "individuals should be able to control information about themselves"  Economic approaches to privacy make communal conceptions of privacy difficult to maintain.

Remle Nour Bichkioghlo

 نوشته شده توسط کلاس زبان عمومی راهنمایی و مشاوره در جمعه 88/10/25 و ساعت 11:10 عصر | نظرات دیگران()

people are often unreasonable,irrational,and self_centered,forgive them anyway.if you are kind,people may accuse.you of selfish,ulterior motives,be kind anyway.if you are successful,you will win som unfaithful friends and som genuine enemies,succeed anyway.if you are honest and sincere people may deceive you,be honest and sincere anyway.if you are honest and sincere people may deceive anyway.what you spend yars creating others could destori overnight,create anyway.if you find serenity and happiness,some may be gealous,be happy anyway.the good and you do today,will often be forgotten.be good anyway.give the best you have,and it may never be enough,give your best anyway.in the final analysis,it is between you and god,it was never between you and them anyway.mother teresa.elahe behboodi. 

 نوشته شده توسط کلاس زبان عمومی راهنمایی و مشاوره در جمعه 88/10/25 و ساعت 10:55 عصر | نظرات دیگران()

By : iraj mokhtarnia

 نوشته شده توسط کلاس زبان عمومی راهنمایی و مشاوره در پنج شنبه 88/10/24 و ساعت 1:57 عصر | نظرات دیگران()

Nature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical
universe, material world or material universe. "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the
 physical world, and also to life in general. The term generally does not include manufactured s and human interaction unless qualified in ways such as, e.g., "human nature" or "the whole of nature". Nature is also generally distinguished from the supernatural. It ranges in scale from the subatomic to the galactic.

The word "nature" derives from the Latin word natura, or "the course of things, natural character."^[1] Natura was a Latin translation of the Greek word physis (?????), which originally related to the innate way in which plants and animals grow of their own accord, and to the Greek word for plants generally.^[a] The concept of nature as a whole, the physical universe, is a more recent development that gained increasingly wide use with the advent of modern scientific method in the last several centuries.^[b][c]

Within the various uses of the word today, "nature" may refer to the general realm of various types of living plants and animals, and in some cases to the processes associated with inanimate s – the way that particular types of things exist and change of their own accord, such as the weather and geology of the Earth, and the matter and energy of which all these things are composed. It is often taken to mean the "natural environment" or wilderness – wild animals, rocks, forest, beaches, and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention, or which persist despite human intervention. This more traditional concept of natural things which can still be found today implies a distinction between the natural and the artificial, with the latter being understood as that which has been brought into being by a human or human-like consciousness or mind.

By : iraj mokhtarnia

 نوشته شده توسط کلاس زبان عمومی راهنمایی و مشاوره در پنج شنبه 88/10/24 و ساعت 1:12 عصر | نظرات دیگران()

PASS IT AROUND AND MAKE SOMEONE LAUGH!LAUGHTER IS THE SOUL"S MEDICINE!! 

nur bichkioghlu 

 نوشته شده توسط کلاس زبان عمومی راهنمایی و مشاوره در سه شنبه 88/10/15 و ساعت 10:43 عصر | نظرات دیگران()

I want to make a coat in my company that cause smoker person dissuade from consumption drugs.It has two lungs. The smoker wear this coat when he smoke and gradually the lungs become black.It works like anatural lung that take the smoke of cigar. when they see the lungs they lose their favor to thecigar. I call this coat ;MAGIC COAT                             BY ZOHRE SADAT AKHAVI

 نوشته شده توسط کلاس زبان عمومی راهنمایی و مشاوره در سه شنبه 88/10/15 و ساعت 1:55 صبح | نظرات دیگران()